If the concern is that active antennas are inherently non-reciprocal, the best thought approach is to separate the amplifier and beamformer from the radiating element even though mechanical the process maybe impossible. I agree with the earlier responses on the general reciprocity principle - either you accept the mathematical proof or else your wasting your time. Interference for coherent signals is a different problem, in particular if the amplifier has been saturated by the receive power. The square root assumption is for white noise using the central limit theory, pretty safe assumption for thermal noise. This result means that as the directivity of the antenna increases due to the number of elements, the noise power increases at a lower rate. Received power for the environment in the direction the antenna is steered increases by the number of elements. However, the receiver power from the beamformer noise increases by approximately the square root of the number of elements. Noise from the active beamformer is large and without direction if amplification is distributed. Noise from the antenna comes from either background or sky (very small). You could be confusing two things for an active antenna. The most important condition is the Nt signal paths must be uncorrelated. If all channels have the same S/N ratio, then the bandwidth efficiency will be the same and the mimo will act as if its number of channels is multiplied by Nt. But they can have different bit rates according to signal to noise ratio of every channel. All channels may have the same bandwidth.
In fact the MIMO system for spatial multiplexing, the number of channels are equal to the number of the transmitting antennas Nt. One can also define a bandwidth for a multichannel transmission system like the MIMO. That is, they have the same transmission coefficient. A transmission channel is also characterized by a bandwidth, where all the frequencies within this bandwidth are treated equally by the medium of the channel. Therefore, every signal has a frequency content covering a range of frequencies called the bandwidth. Returns: sqrt(2)=1.From the principle point of view, any signal source has certain bandwidth that results when its signal is transformed from time domain to frequency domain. The nearest integral value that is not larger in magnitude than x. The tanh() function returns the hyperbolic tangent of x, which is defined mathematically as: tanh(x) = sinh(x) / cosh(x) The tan() function returns the tangent of x, where x is given in radians. The sqrt() function returns the non-negative square root of x. The sinh() function returns the hyperbolic sine of x, which is defined mathematically as: sinh(x) = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) / 2 The sin() function returns the sine of x, where x is given in radians. These functions round x to the nearest integer The pow() function returns the value of x raised to the power of y. Static double math::pow(double x,double y) The log() function returns the natural logarithm of x. This functions return the base 10 logarithm of a. These functions return the largest integral value that is not greater than a. The exp() function returns the value of e (the base of natural logarithms) raised to the power of a. The cosh() function returns the hyperbolic cosine of x, which is defined mathematically as: cosh(x) = (exp(x) + exp(-x)) / 2 The cos() function returns the cosine of x, where x is given in radians. The smallest integral value that is not less than x. The atan() function calculates the principal value of the arc tangent of x, that is the value whose tangent is x. The asin() function calculates the principal value of the arc sine of x, that is the value whose sine is x. The acos() function calculates the arc cosine of x that is the value whose cosine is x. It is not available in the other interfaces, as there are native ways for this mathematical features. This class exists only for the LayoutEditor C++ Macros.
MemberĬlass to access math functions similar to the standard C library math.h.Įxample: double radius=math::acos(0.5678) Mathematic function to use in LayoutEditor C++ Macros.
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